Despite decade-long initiatives to open access to nationality, Estonia's policies are not favourable. Permanent residents are only eligible for Estonian nationality after five years, although they are allowed to leave the country for longer periods before applying. Those who qualify must meet conditions including a free low-level language test and an expensive citizenship test that involves written questions and legalistic language. If they pass, the fee is completely reimbursed. Naturalising residents must also pass checks on their income, criminal record and an ambiguous ‘loyalty' requirement. Naturalised citizens are insecure in their status as Estonian nationals. The state can refuse or withdraw nationality on many grounds, without taking into account many personal circumstances. However, citizens do have legal guarantees and the right to appeal a negative decision. Naturalised citizens can have their passports withdrawn at any time, no matter how many years they have been an Estonian citizen even if they have no other citizenship. Dual nationality policies are critically unfavourable (see box).
