Migrants can become sponsors after short periods. Minor children, parents and grandparents are eligible without any conditions, but spouses must be over 18 and adult children must meet extra conditions. Under slightly unfavourable conditions, all adults must take a compulsory integration course or pass a simple language test and the sponsor must prove sufficient subsistence. An application can be refused for many reasons, including on ‘suspicion' of a forced marriage. Yet in making a decision to withdraw a family reunion permit, for instance, the state must consider many aspects of the family's circumstances, such as cases of domestic violence. Family members have the right to an autonomous residence permit within three years. They enjoy equal access as their sponsor to many goods and services, except education and training where other conditions apply.
